基于可持续发展的总量预算指标分配方法对比分析研究

阐述了总量预算指标分配的概念,结合环境容量承载水平和总量管理的实际,从理论上建立河南各省辖市可用于社会经济发展的总量预算指标分配模型.针对各分析方法的理论模型进行对比分析,确定合理的分配方案,为后续的实证研究和"十三五"时期河南省总量预算管理提供基础.     

基于间隔偏最小二乘法短程硝化反硝化中无机盐氮的近红外光谱

采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)研究短程硝化反硝化系统中稳定条件下无机盐氮的变化规律,利用小波去噪法对无机盐氮的近红外光谱进行预处理,并用间隔偏最小二乘法(iPLS)建立无机盐氮含量的校正模型(iPLS模型).结果表明:小波去噪法对原始光谱中的部分噪声进行滤除,从而提高了模型的精度.采用最小二乘法对预处理后的光谱进行建模,优选出最佳波长区间并将光谱划分为20个子区间,优选出的氨氮特征波数为8243~8663cm-1,亚硝酸盐氮特征波数为4000~4420cm-1.所建模型对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮校正时的相关系数(rc)分别达到0.9582、0.9544,校正均方根误差(RMSECV)分别为0.0321、0.0406;预测时的相关系数(rp)分别为0.9184、0.8816,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)分别为0.0790、0.0451.采用实际污水为原水时校正模型对氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮预测的相关系数(rp￠)分别为0.9190、0.8739,预测均方根误差(RMSEP′)分别为0.0578、0.0229.模型对氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的预测总体效果较好.用小波去噪和最小二乘法建立模型不仅能有效减少建模所需变量数、缩短运算时间,而且模型预测精度较高,为无机盐氮的快速测定提供了一种可行的分析技术.     

医疗保健行业中的纳米材料：职业风险和预防

欧洲职业健康安全署近期发布电子纪要,解释了保健行业工作者在他们工作场所的日常活动中如何与纳米材料发生可能的接触,并提供了预防潜在接触可以采取的措施。这些措施包括国家层面的法律监管、消除与替代、工程控制、管理措施以及个体防护装备（PPE）。作者特编译此文,为国内相关领域提供参考。     

磁暴对沿海核电站变压器安全影响的研究

磁暴产生的地磁感应电流(GIC)直接损伤变压器和间接干扰继电保护等设备,强磁暴可能威胁到电网的安全运行。为探明磁暴对沿海核电站变压器的影响,对第23太阳周峰年强磁暴侵害广东岭澳核电站、江苏上河变电站的GIC测量数据,以及西北陕甘青宁750 kV电网计算数据进行统计分析,研究沿海核电站与内陆变电站变压器GIC大小及其差异原因。结果表明,由于受海岸效应现象的影响,沿海核电站的变压器更容易遭受磁暴的侵害。在此基础上,对极端磁暴的可能危害、灾害风险以及沿海核电站的磁暴灾害进行评估,并建议核电站选址和变压器选型时应评估磁暴的影响。     

皖江经济带土壤Cd空间分布特征与生态风险评价

选取2.5 km×2.5 km网格布点法,在皖江经济带A、B、C三地分别采集土壤样品35个、34个、106个,利用ICP-AES分析测定Cd含量特征,运用单项污染指数法、地累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对三地土壤Cd污染状况进行生态风险评价。结果表明：（1）A、B、C三地土壤的Cd含量的算术平均值分别为0.40 mg?kg ^-1、0.66 mg?kg ^-1、0.84 mg?kg ^-1,均高于江淮流域Cd含量土壤背景值;（2）三地土壤pH在5.06~7.58之间,整体上处于酸性和弱碱性之间,pH小于7.0的样品167个,占比95.43%;（3）研究区三个地块土壤Cd污染特征存在明显的空间分异,低污染区在空间上呈带状分布,高污染区在空间上呈岛状分布,污染区分布面积C地>B地>A地。（4）三地土壤环境均受重金属Cd污染的影响,存在生态安全风险,风险大小为C地>B地>A地,风险程度均为潜在生态风险高于地累积生态风险高于单项污染生态风险。本区域土壤农业安全利用需要加以重视并进行分类管控。     

电力线路与燃气管道交叉跨越点雷击事故防护研究

针对临近杆塔接地网的管道过电压及防护问题，采用CDEGS仿真计算软件建立电力杆塔接地网及临近燃气管道结构模型，研究杆塔与管道间距、土壤电阻率和接地排流线等因素对管道过电压的影响；并提出通过优化电力杆塔接地网外延射线结构降低管道过电压的改造方案。研究结果表明:管道上的雷击过电压受散流间距、土质条件等因素的影响，并基本呈现线性关系；管道增设排流设施后，过电压减小；接地网外延射线结构改造后管道过电压抑制作用明显。研究结果可为实际燃气管道安全防护及电力设计施工提供理论参考。     

Proton exchange membrane fuel cell purge and fan control using a microcontroller

This study used Programmable System-on-Chip to make a fuel cell controller to manage the fuel cell operating environment. When a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is reacting, its performance is closely related to the operating conditions, such as temperature, water management, etc. This article investigates purge time interval control and the related characteristics. The controller developed in this study is free from additional power requirements, using only the power provided by the fuel cell.     

氮氧化物检测结果可靠性影响因素研究

针对氮氧化物检测时分析方法及结果可能出现的问题进行了讨论,并对其可靠性进行了验证。以氮氧化物分析仪(化学发光原理)检测氮氧化物(NO_x)为例,分别对是否校准、定值标准的选择及不同工作模式3种情况下氮氧化物浓度测量结果的可靠性及影响因素进行评价,并用另外一种不同工作原理的傅里叶红外变换光谱法进行结果确认。结果表明:氮氧化物分析仪以自动模式进行工作时,不进行校准很可能得到完全错误的分析结果;浓度合适的标准物质的选择有利于提高分析结果的准确度。     

Abatement of Sulfur Hexafluoride Emissions from the Semiconductor Manufacturing Process by Atmospheric-Pressure Plasmas

Abstract

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) is an important gas for plasma etching processes in the semiconductor industry. SF₆ intensely absorbs infrared radiation and, consequently, aggravates global warming. This study investigates SF₆ abatement by nonthermal plasma technologies under atmospheric pressure. Two kinds of nonthermal plasma processes—dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and combined plasma catalysis (CPC)—were employed and evaluated. Experimental results indicated that as much as 91% of SF₆ was removed with DBDs at 20 kV of applied voltage and 150 Hz of discharge frequency for the gas stream containing 300 ppm SF₆, 12% oxygen (O₂), and 40% argon (Ar), with nitrogen (N₂) as the carrier gas. Four additives, including Ar, O₂, ethylene (C₂H₄), and H₂O_(g), are effective in enhancing SF₆ abatement in the range of conditions studied. DBD achieves a higher SF₆ removal efficiency than does CPC at the same operation condition. But CPC achieves a higher electrical energy utilization compared with DBD. However, poisoning of catalysts by sulfur (S)-containing species needs further investigation. SF₆ is mainly converted to SOF₂,SO₂F₄, sulfur dioxide (SO₂), oxygen difluoride (OF₂), and fluoride (F₂). They do not cause global warming and can be captured by either wet scrubbing or adsorption. This study indicates that DBD and CPC are feasible control technologies for reducing SF₆ emissions.     

Removal of formaldehyde over MnxCe1-xO2 catalysts: Thermal catalytic oxidation versus ozone catalytic oxidation

MnxCe1- xO2（x： 0.3–0.9） prepared by Pechini method was used as a catalyst for the thermal catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde（HCHO）. At x = 0.3 and 0.5, most of the manganese was incorporated in the fluorite structure of Ce O2 to form a solid solution. The catalytic activity was best at x = 0.5, at which the temperature of 100% removal rate is the lowest（270°C）. The temperature for 100% removal of HCHO oxidation is reduced by approximately 40°C by loading 5 wt.% Cu Oxinto Mn0.5Ce0.5O2. With ozone catalytic oxidation, HCHO（61 ppm） in gas stream was completely oxidized by adding 506 ppm O3 over Mn0.5Ce0.5O2 catalyst with a GHSV（gas hourly space velocity） of 10,000 hr-1at 25°C. The effect of the molar ratio of O3 to HCHO was also investigated. As O3/HCHO ratio was increased from 3 to 8, the removal efficiency of HCHO was increased from 83.3% to 100%. With O3/HCHO ratio of 8, the mineralization efficiency of HCHO to CO2 was 86.1%. At 25°C, the p-type oxide semiconductor（Mn0.5Ce0.5O2） exhibited an excellent ozone decomposition efficiency of 99.2%,which significantly exceeded that of n-type oxide semiconductors such as Ti O2, which had a low ozone decomposition efficiency（9.81%）. At a GHSV of 10,000 hr-1, [O3]/[HCHO] = 3 and temperature of 25°C, a high HCHO removal efficiency（≥ 81.2%） was maintained throughout the durability test of 80 hr, indicating the long-term stability of the catalyst for HCHO removal.